The background to this is :
Muslims had been forced to leave their wealth when they emigrated to Medina. They were now very poor.
Caravans from Syria passed near Medina on the way to Makkah.
They got permission to recover their wealth from that caravan. The latter was headed by Abu Sufyan. He got intelligence of the plan to attack the caravan and changed course to avoid Medina. Also told people of Mecca of the plans of the Muslims.
The people of Makkah armed themselves and came.
I am not sure what happened next. But in the end even though there was no fight over the caravan, it seems that the people of Makkah still went ahead to attack, since they were already ready for a fight.
Here is a wikipedia link, not sure of the veracity of the account, but it gives an idea, but it also plays down the significant difference in numbers, and Allah's help
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